. . . . . . . "Nell'ambito della ricerca scientifica, un working paper \u00E8 uno scritto che viene diffuso dai suoi autori, al fine di sollecitare una preliminare discussione informale, prima dell'invio a una rivista scientifica, soprattutto se questa seleziona i contributi col metodo della revisione paritaria, oppure prima che venga presentato come comunicazione a un congresso. \"Working paper\" potrebbe essere tradotto con \"documento di lavoro\" o simili, intendendo che si tratta di un \"documento\" (un articolo, una comunicazione a un congresso) che \u00E8 frutto di un \"lavoro\" non ancora completato. Non \u00E8 tuttavia una bozza (draft in inglese), termine col quale si intende piuttosto la versione preliminare di un documento che l'autore non ha ancora completato ed \u00E8 quindi destinata ad essere modificata dall'autore stesso di propria iniziativa; \u00E8 invece una versione preliminare nel senso che l'autore la intende completata, ma \u00E8 pronto a modificarla recependo le osservazioni di altri studiosi. I working paper sono spesso resi pubblici mediante siti web dell'autore o dell'istituzione cui egli appartiene, tipicamente un'universit\u00E0 o un centro di ricerca. Inoltre, istituzioni quali il Fondo Monetario Internazionale, la Banca dei Regolamenti Internazionali e la Banca centrale europea pubblicano working paper di loro affiliati e/o di studiosi indipendenti che, pur rientrando nell'attivit\u00E0 di ricerca propria dell'istituzione, esprimono gli autonomi punti di vista degli autori sugli argomenti cui si chiede loro un approfondimento e non vanno quindi intesi come comunicazioni ufficiali."@it . . . . . . . "A working paper or work paper may be: \n* A working paper or technical paper. Often, authors will release working papers to share ideas about a topic or to elicit feedback before submitting to a peer reviewed conference or academic journal. Working papers are often the basis for related works, and may in themselves be cited by peer-review papers. They may be considered as grey literature. \n* Sometimes the term working paper is used synonymously as technical report. Working papers are typically hosted on websites, belonging either to the author or the author's affiliated institution. The United Nations uses the term \"working paper\" in approximately this sense for the draft of a resolution. \n* Documents required for a minor to get a job in certain states within the United States. Such papers usually require the employer, parent/guardian, school, and a physician to agree to the terms of work laid out by the employer. \n* Audit working papers: Documents required on an audit of a company's financial statements. The working papers are the property of the accounting firm conducting the audit. These papers are formally referred to as audit documentation or sometimes as the audit file. The documents serve as proof of audit procedures performed, evidence obtained and the conclusion or opinion the auditor reached."@en . . "Nell'ambito della ricerca scientifica, un working paper \u00E8 uno scritto che viene diffuso dai suoi autori, al fine di sollecitare una preliminare discussione informale, prima dell'invio a una rivista scientifica, soprattutto se questa seleziona i contributi col metodo della revisione paritaria, oppure prima che venga presentato come comunicazione a un congresso. I working paper sono spesso resi pubblici mediante siti web dell'autore o dell'istituzione cui egli appartiene, tipicamente un'universit\u00E0 o un centro di ricerca."@it . "\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 (\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062D)"@ar . . . . "Working paper"@it . . . . "Diskussionspapier"@de . . . . "1115648334"^^ . . . . . . "Working paper"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Diskussionspapiere oder Arbeitspapiere (engl. Working Paper) sind meist mehrseitige Ver\u00F6ffentlichungen von Wissenschaftlern, die \u2013 im Gegensatz zu Aufs\u00E4tzen in Fachjournalen \u2013 nicht in Fachzeitschriften oder Fachb\u00FCchern erscheinen, sondern als projekteigene Ver\u00F6ffentlichungen in eigener Regie \u2013 quasi im \u201EEigenverlag\u201C \u2013 verbreitet werden, z. B. \u00FCber das Internet. Working paper in diesem Sinne k\u00F6nnen auch Vorab-Ver\u00F6ffentlichungen von akademischen Artikeln, Buchkapiteln oder Reviews sein. Working Papers sind besonders in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften verbreitet. Ein \u00E4hnliches Konzept sind Preprints."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Diskussionspapiere oder Arbeitspapiere (engl. Working Paper) sind meist mehrseitige Ver\u00F6ffentlichungen von Wissenschaftlern, die \u2013 im Gegensatz zu Aufs\u00E4tzen in Fachjournalen \u2013 nicht in Fachzeitschriften oder Fachb\u00FCchern erscheinen, sondern als projekteigene Ver\u00F6ffentlichungen in eigener Regie \u2013 quasi im \u201EEigenverlag\u201C \u2013 verbreitet werden, z. B. \u00FCber das Internet. Working paper in diesem Sinne k\u00F6nnen auch Vorab-Ver\u00F6ffentlichungen von akademischen Artikeln, Buchkapiteln oder Reviews sein. Working Papers sind besonders in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften verbreitet. Ein \u00E4hnliches Konzept sind Preprints. Oft gibt es auch professionell aufgemachte, z. B. gebundene oder geheftete Exemplare, die parallel zur Verbreitung \u00FCber das Internet direkt z. B. an Kollegen verschickt werden. Sie sind zwar keine Ver\u00F6ffentlichungen, die einen Peer-Review-Prozess durchlaufen haben, und geh\u00F6ren somit zur grauen Literatur, definieren aber die eigene Position und dienen Kollegen als verbindliche Information. Kollegen werden mit den Diskussionspapieren aufgerufen, diese zu kommentieren und so den Autoren weitere Anregungen zu geben, oder diese auf Fehler oder Unstimmigkeiten in den Diskussionspapieren hinzuweisen. Auch dienen Diskussionspapiere bei der Anwendung in Unternehmen der \u00DCberpr\u00FCfung vorhandener Standards und der Weiterentwicklung von Prozessen. Hierzu werden bestehende Dokumentationen \u00FCberpr\u00FCft, die m\u00F6glichen \u00C4nderungen in einem Diskussionspapier zusammengefasst und dann \u2013 h\u00E4ufig elektronisch \u2013 anderen Betroffenen zur Abstimmung zur Verf\u00FCgung gestellt. Im Ergebnis soll eine Weiterentwicklung des Status quo stehen, die einen Mehrwert f\u00FCr alle Seiten bietet."@de . . . "4096535"^^ . . . "\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0646\u062F \u064A\u062A\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648 \u062A\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062A\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u062F\u0642\u064A\u0642 \u062D\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644\u0627. \u0648\u064A\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636."@ar . . . . . . . "A working paper or work paper may be: \n* A working paper or technical paper. Often, authors will release working papers to share ideas about a topic or to elicit feedback before submitting to a peer reviewed conference or academic journal. Working papers are often the basis for related works, and may in themselves be cited by peer-review papers. They may be considered as grey literature. \n* Sometimes the term working paper is used synonymously as technical report. Working papers are typically hosted on websites, belonging either to the author or the author's affiliated institution. The United Nations uses the term \"working paper\" in approximately this sense for the draft of a resolution. \n* Documents required for a minor to get a job in certain states within the United States. Such papers "@en . . . "\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0646\u062F \u064A\u062A\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648 \u062A\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062A\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u062F\u0642\u064A\u0642 \u062D\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644\u0627. \u0648\u064A\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1779"^^ . . . . . .