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Subject Item
dbr:Gemstone
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Kamienie szlachetne 宝石 Gemma Πολύτιμος λίθος Gemo Дорогоцінне каміння Clocha lómhara Edelsteen Ädelsten Gemme حجر كريم 보석 Schmuckstein Harribitxi Драгоценные камни Gema (mineralogia) Gemma (mineralogia) Batu permata Drahokam Gema 寶石 Gemstone
rdfs:comment
Une gemme est une pierre fine, précieuse ou ornementale ou n'importe quelle matière très dure ou colorée ayant l'aspect de ces pierreries et utilisée comme ornement. Pour mériter l'appellation de gemme, cette matière (minéral, roche ou une substance organique telle que perle, ambre ou corail) doit être attrayante, surtout par sa couleur. Elle doit être peu altérable, et assez solide pour survivre à un usage constant ou aux manipulations, sans se rayer ou s'endommager. La gemmologie est la science de l'étude des gemmes. Harribitxia bere tasun bereziengatik oso baliozkoa den minerala da, ebaki eta leuntzean bitxigintzan eta beste apainduratan erabiltzen dena. Hala ere, arroka batzuk (adibidez lapis lazulia) eta gai organiko batzuk (adibidez anbarra) ez dira mineralak, baina bitxigintzan erabiltzen direnez harribitxitzat hartzen dira. Harribitxi gehienak gogorrak dira, eta horregatik dira baliotsuak, nahiz eta mineral batzuk arrazoi estetikoengatik (kolorea, distira...) erabiltzen diren bitxigintzan. Urritasunak ere harribitxia baliotsu bilakatzen du. Дорогоці́нне (кошто́вне) камі́ння (англ. gemstones, precious stones; нім. Edelsteine) — природні та штучні (синтетичні) мінерали в сировині, необробленому та обробленому вигляді (виробах). Una gemma, nella mineralogia, indica un insieme di materiali di diversa origine (anche se la grande maggioranza è costituita da minerali), che a causa della loro specifica lucentezza, colore, trasparenza e brillantezza, oltre che per la loro rarità, assumono un elevato valore economico. Clocha nó miotail luachmhara nó leathluachmhara a mbíonn tóir orthu as a dteirce, a n-áilleacht is a mbuaine. De ghnáth roinntear iad agus cuirtear snas orthu mar sheoda. Is ar na clocha crua trédhearcacha diamaint, rúibín, smaragaid is saifír a chuirtear luach thar aon cheann eile. Una gema, también llamada piedra preciosa, es una roca, mineral, vidrio o producto orgánico de origen natural, que al ser cortado o pulido se puede usar en la confección de joyas u objetos artísticos.​ Son piedras preciosas minerales como por ejemplo rubí, diamante, esmeralda, zafiro; semipreciosas como espinela, alejandrita, tanzanita o granate; vidrios naturales como la obsidiana; rocas como la malaquita, el lapislázuli o el ónix, productos fósiles de origen orgánico como el azabache o el ámbar y productos biogénicos como las perlas (producida por una ostra) o el coral (formado por la secreción calcárea de pequeños pólipos marinos). Ädelsten är en sten som lämpar sig som smycke eller genom att efter bearbetning ha ett vackert utseende och vara tillräckligt beständig. Ädelstenar kan vara mineral, bergarter eller stenlika material av organiskt ursprung. Många ädelstenar har en hårdhet som är större än de i naturen mest vanligt förekommande mineralen. Många ädelstenar, framför allt de som utgörs av kristallina mineral, har klara färger eller är genomskinliga, eller kan efter polering uppnå en vacker glans eller lyster. Vissa ädelstenar är vanliga, medan andra mer sällsynta. Läran om ädelstenar kallas gemmologi. Драгоценные камни — минералы, относимые к самым дорогим материалам. Согласно классификации английского минералога Дж. Ф. Г. Смита драгоценными считаются материалы, в наибольшей степени отвечающие трём основным критериям: «красоте, долговечности и редкости». Таких материалов, в старое время называемых «благородными», в равной степени отвечающих строгим требованиям, сравнительно немного. По прочности и стоимости первое место занимает алмаз, в огранённом виде — бриллиант, далее следуют рубин, сапфир, изумруд. Менее редкие минералы называют полудрагоценными. Batu permata atau batu mulia adalah sebuah mineral, batu yang dibentuk dari hasil proses geologi yang unsurnya terdiri atas satu atau beberapa komponen kimia yang mempunyai harga jual tinggi, dan diminati oleh para kolektor. Batu permata harus melewati tahap pemolesan sebelum dijadikan perhiasan. Edelstenen zijn zeldzame gesteenten, die meestal worden bewerkt en verwerkt in sieraden en sierobjecten. Edelstenen beschikken over de volgende kenmerken: * Schoonheid. Hieronder vallen visuele aspecten zoals kleur, glans, vuur, doorzichtigheid en lichteffecten. * Duurzaamheid. Hierbij wordt gekeken naar hardheid, breekbaarheid/splijtbaarheid en chemische bestendigheid. * Zeldzaamheid. Hierbij wordt gekeken naar hoe vaak een product in de natuur voorkomt. 寶石是被切割、打磨、抛光的礦物、石料、物體,為收集品、收藏品或穿著裝飾之用。而作为宝石的矿物,一般颜色鲜艳柔和,光泽和花纹美观,结构均匀,折光率强,硬度较大,化学成分稳定。 人类从自古以来就将宝石加工作为饰物。寶石最重要的珍貴之處是其完美的外表,所以被擦傷後可能會喪失其價值。 也有些脆弱或軟的寶石只能收集,不能穿戴,像許多博物館徵求的菱錳礦。 Γενικά με τον όρο πολύτιμοι λίθοι ή πολύτιμες πέτρες χαρακτηρίζονται συγκεκριμένα ορυκτά ή πετρώματα ή και διάφορες ουσίες που χρησιμοποιούνται στη κοσμηματοποιία. Συγκεκριμένα, κάποια ορυκτά ή πετρώματα που παρουσιάζουν σκληρή σύσταση και ωραίους χρωματισμούς, χρησιμοποιούνται ιδιαίτερα ως πολύτιμοι λίθοι, π.χ. ο χαλαζίας με τις πολυάριθμες ποικιλίες του. Η αξία των λίθων αυτών είναι σχετικά πολύ μεγάλη, εξ ου και ο χαρακτηρισμός τους ως πολύτιμοι, η οποία προσδιορίζεται κυρίως από την κατεργασία, τα χρώματα που παρουσιάζουν, τη λάμψη τους, τη σκληρότητά τους και, βεβαίως, από τη σπανιότητά τους στη φύση, χωρίς να παραγνωρίζεται και η μόδα της κάθε εποχής.Η λάμψη των πολυτίμων λίθων, που δημιουργείται από τις ανακλώμενες ακτίνες του φωτός, εξαρτάται περισσότερο από την κατεργασία που έχου Schmucksteine, teilweise auch als Edelsteine bezeichnet, sind meist Minerale, Gesteine oder Glasschmelzen, aber auch Stoffe organischer Herkunft wie beispielsweise Bernstein, Pechkohle oder relativ kleine und formschöne Fossilien, die im Allgemeinen als schön empfunden werden und als Schmuck Verwendung finden. Entsprechend der Definition der internationalen Handelsorganisation CIBJO zählen außerdem Perlen, Perlmutt und Korallen zu den Schmucksteinen. Die Lehre von den Edelsteinen und Schmucksteinen wird als Gemmologie bezeichnet. 宝石(ほうせき)とは、希少性が高く美しい外観を有する固形物のこと。 一般的に、外観が美しく、アクセサリーなどに使用される鉱物を言う。 ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 보석 (법률) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 보석(寶石, jewellery 또는 jewelry)은 아름다운 빛깔과 광택이 있어 장식품이 되는 광물 및 가공품을 말한다. 보석을 이용해 만든 장신구를 보석 장신구(jewelry)라고 칭한다. 편의상 생물인 산호나 진주도 포함된다. 최근에는 인공으로 보석을 합성하는 기술이 발달하여 합성보석·인조보석도 시판되고 있다. 보석으로서 갖추어야 할 조건은 빛깔이나 광택이 아름다워야 하며, 물리적 견고성이 있어야 하고, 산출량은 적어야 한다. 이러한 조건을 완전히 갖춘 것을 보석이라 하고, 완전하지 않은 것을 장식석이라고 한다. Drahokam či drahý kámen (z latiny Lapis preciosus, angl. Precious stone) je minerál (nerost), ceněný pro své výjimečné fyzikální a estetické vlastnosti a používaný k ozdobným účelům, k reprezentaci anebo k tezauraci majetku. A gemstone (also called a fine gem, jewel, precious stone, or semiprecious stone) is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments. However, certain rocks (such as lapis lazuli, opal, and obsidian) and occasionally organic materials that are not minerals (such as amber, jet, and pearl) are also used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity and notoriety are other characteristics that lend value to gemstones. الأحجار الكريمة أو الثمينة أو النفيسة أو التِّبْر هي أنواع مختلفة من المعادن المتبلمرة مركبة من عنصرين أو أكثر، وتتكون أساساً من مادة السليكا مع وجود بعض الشوائب المعدنية، ويختلف نوع الحجر الكريم باختلاف المادة المكونة بالإضافة إلى السليكا، وتتواجد عادة في مناطق الطمي البركاني، كالحصى البركانية، وبخاصة في مناطق جريان . Gemo (juvelŝtono) laŭ la mineralogio estas ĉia rara multekosta ŝtono, speciale kiam tajlita kaj polurita . Laŭ Francisko Azorín gemo estas Juvelŝtono. (Intajlo, kameo). Li indikas etimologion el latina gemma (gemo). Kamienie szlachetne, kamienie jubilerskie – wartościowe i rzadko spotykane, czyste, jednorodne i przezroczyste odmiany niektórych minerałów i skał. Kamienie te odznaczają się silnym połyskiem, efektownym zabarwieniem (lub są zupełnie bezbarwne), dużą trwałością i twardością powyżej 7 w skali Mohsa. Stosuje się je w jubilerstwie, oprawia w złoto, srebro i inne metale szlachetne. Przykładami kamieni szlachetnych mogą być: Uma gema (do latim gemma) ou pedra preciosa é um mineral, rocha ou material petrificado que, quando lapidado ou polido, é colecionável ou usável para adorno pessoal em joalharia. Algumas são orgânicas, como o âmbar (resina de árvore fossilizada) e o azeviche (uma forma de carvão). Certas gemas, embora valiosas e bonitas, não são suficientemente duras ou são demasiado frágeis para serem usadas em joias (por exemplo, rodocrosita), mas são exibidas em museus e procuradas por colecionadores. Una gemma és un mineral, roca o material petrificat que en ser tallat i polit es pot usar en joieria. Unes altres són orgàniques, com l'ambre, resina d'arbre fossilitzada. Les imitacions copien la forma i el color de la pedra però no posseeixen les seues característiques físiques o químiques. No obstant això, les gemmes sintètiques no són necessàriament una imitació. Per exemple el diamant, el robí, el safir i la maragda creades en laboratoris posseeixen les mateixes característiques físiques i químiques que l'article original. Menuts diamants artificials han estat manufacturades massivament per diversos anys, encara que només recentment han estat creats grans diamants de qualitat, especialment els de color.
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n29: dbpedia-fr:Gemme n58:איידלשטיין wd:Q83437 n98: dbpedia-ru:Драгоценные_камни n102:Javohirlar dbpedia-vi:Ngọc n104:4zLPx n106:Аҫыл_таштар dbpedia-th:รัตนชาติ n108:Batong-hiyas dbpedia-tr:Değerli_taş n110:سنگ_جواہر dbpedia-cs:Drahokam dbpedia-el:Πολύτιμος_λίθος dbpedia-eu:Harribitxi dbpedia-es:Gema dbpedia-da:Smykkesten dbpedia-uk:Дорогоцінне_каміння dbpedia-fi:Jalokivi dbpedia-et:Vääriskivi dbpedia-id:Batu_permata dbpedia-ko:보석 dbpedia-sv:Ädelsten dbpedia-hu:Drágakő dbpedia-az:Qiymətli_daşlar dbpedia-be:Каштоўныя_камяні dbpedia-bg:Скъпоценен_камък n139:রত্নপাথর dbpedia-af:Edelsteen dbpedia-als:Edelsteine n143:الاحجار_الكريمه n144: dbpedia-fa:گوهرسنگ dbpedia-ga:Clocha_lómhara n147: dbpedia-he:אבן_חן dbpedia-ca:Gemma n151:Пархатарлă_чул dbpedia-cy:Glain dbpedia-eo:Gemo dbpedia-io:Gemo n155:Watu_permata dbpedia-kk:Асыл_тастар n157:ರತ್ನದ_ಕಲ್ಲು n158:रत्न dbpedia-hr:Drago_kamenje n160:Pyè_presye n161:Թանկարժեք_և_կիսաթանկարժեք_քարեր n162:Brangakmenis n163:Dārgakmens dbpedia-mk:Скапоцен_камен dbpedia-ms:Batu_permata n166:Асыл_таштар n167: dbpedia-lb:Eedelsteen n171:Aedelstein n172:ਨਗ n173:Umiña dbpedia-ro:Piatră_prețioasă dbpedia-sh:Dragulj n176:ကျောက်မျက်_ရတနာ n177:थी dbpedia-nn:Smykkestein dbpedia-no:Edelsten dbpedia-sr:Драго_камење n182: n183:இரத்தினக்கல் n184:రత్నం n185:මැණික dbpedia-simple:Jewel dbpedia-sk:Drahokam dbpedia-sl:Dragulj dbpedia-de:Schmuckstein dbpedia-pl:Kamienie_szlachetne dbpedia-zh:寶石 n228:4052949-6 dbpedia-ja:宝石 dbpedia-nl:Edelsteen n234:03c4j dbpedia-ar:حجر_كريم dbr:Gemstone
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Uma gema (do latim gemma) ou pedra preciosa é um mineral, rocha ou material petrificado que, quando lapidado ou polido, é colecionável ou usável para adorno pessoal em joalharia. Algumas são orgânicas, como o âmbar (resina de árvore fossilizada) e o azeviche (uma forma de carvão). Certas gemas, embora valiosas e bonitas, não são suficientemente duras ou são demasiado frágeis para serem usadas em joias (por exemplo, rodocrosita), mas são exibidas em museus e procuradas por colecionadores. Γενικά με τον όρο πολύτιμοι λίθοι ή πολύτιμες πέτρες χαρακτηρίζονται συγκεκριμένα ορυκτά ή πετρώματα ή και διάφορες ουσίες που χρησιμοποιούνται στη κοσμηματοποιία. Συγκεκριμένα, κάποια ορυκτά ή πετρώματα που παρουσιάζουν σκληρή σύσταση και ωραίους χρωματισμούς, χρησιμοποιούνται ιδιαίτερα ως πολύτιμοι λίθοι, π.χ. ο χαλαζίας με τις πολυάριθμες ποικιλίες του. Η αξία των λίθων αυτών είναι σχετικά πολύ μεγάλη, εξ ου και ο χαρακτηρισμός τους ως πολύτιμοι, η οποία προσδιορίζεται κυρίως από την κατεργασία, τα χρώματα που παρουσιάζουν, τη λάμψη τους, τη σκληρότητά τους και, βεβαίως, από τη σπανιότητά τους στη φύση, χωρίς να παραγνωρίζεται και η μόδα της κάθε εποχής.Η λάμψη των πολυτίμων λίθων, που δημιουργείται από τις ανακλώμενες ακτίνες του φωτός, εξαρτάται περισσότερο από την κατεργασία που έχουν υποστεί, δηλαδή τον αριθμό των επίπεδων λείων επιφανειών (εδρών) τους. Η σκληρότητά τους εξασφαλίζει και τη διάρκεια της ζωής τους στο πέρασμα του χρόνου. Η κατεργασία των πολύτιμων λίθων ξεκινά με τη πλύση όπου ακόμα ακατέργαστοι λαμβάνονται οι λεγόμενοι "λίθοι" ή "πέτρες μπαρόκ" (δηλαδή στιλβωμένοι μεν, αλλά με ακανόνιστα σχήματα). Ακολουθεί η εμβάπτισή τους σε διάλυμα καθαριστικού υλικού ή και η παραμονή για κάποιο χρονικό διάστημα εντός αυτού, οπότε και ακολουθεί το κόψιμο και η λείανση με ειδικά εργαλεία. Έτσι, δημιουργούνται πολύεδροι λίθοι που στιλβωμένοι παρουσιάζουν εξαιρετική λαμπρότητα. Μερικοί πολύτιμοι λίθοι που δεν διαθέτουν, λόγω σύστασης, μεγάλη σκληρότητα, χρησιμοποιούνται περισσότερο με γλυφές σε διακόσμηση, ιδίως στη . Η λιθογλυφία είναι πανάρχαια τέχνη που αναπτύχθηκε από πολλούς πολιτισμούς. Οι εσώγλυφες πέτρες, εκτός από τη κοσμηματοποιία, είναι περισσότερο γνωστές και από τη σπουδαία χρήση τους ως σφραγιδόλιθοι. Η αξία των πολύτιμων λίθων υπολογίζεται σε καράτια (βάρους, όγκου, καθαρότητας) ή σε βαθμούς καθαρότητας (χιλιοστά καθαρότητας). Une gemme est une pierre fine, précieuse ou ornementale ou n'importe quelle matière très dure ou colorée ayant l'aspect de ces pierreries et utilisée comme ornement. Pour mériter l'appellation de gemme, cette matière (minéral, roche ou une substance organique telle que perle, ambre ou corail) doit être attrayante, surtout par sa couleur. Elle doit être peu altérable, et assez solide pour survivre à un usage constant ou aux manipulations, sans se rayer ou s'endommager. Une gemme est souvent taillée par le lapidaire pour finir montée sur une bague, en boucle d'oreille ou tout autre ornement de joaillerie. Elle peut être naturelle, traitée ou fabriquée artificiellement (pierre synthétique). La gemmologie est la science de l'étude des gemmes. Gemo (juvelŝtono) laŭ la mineralogio estas ĉia rara multekosta ŝtono, speciale kiam tajlita kaj polurita . Laŭ Francisko Azorín gemo estas Juvelŝtono. (Intajlo, kameo). Li indikas etimologion el latina gemma (gemo). Una gema, también llamada piedra preciosa, es una roca, mineral, vidrio o producto orgánico de origen natural, que al ser cortado o pulido se puede usar en la confección de joyas u objetos artísticos.​ Son piedras preciosas minerales como por ejemplo rubí, diamante, esmeralda, zafiro; semipreciosas como espinela, alejandrita, tanzanita o granate; vidrios naturales como la obsidiana; rocas como la malaquita, el lapislázuli o el ónix, productos fósiles de origen orgánico como el azabache o el ámbar y productos biogénicos como las perlas (producida por una ostra) o el coral (formado por la secreción calcárea de pequeños pólipos marinos). Para la Confederación Mundial de Joyería una gema es, en sentido estricto, una piedra preciosa —siempre de origen natural—, de muy alta calidad o perfección.​ Ädelsten är en sten som lämpar sig som smycke eller genom att efter bearbetning ha ett vackert utseende och vara tillräckligt beständig. Ädelstenar kan vara mineral, bergarter eller stenlika material av organiskt ursprung. Många ädelstenar har en hårdhet som är större än de i naturen mest vanligt förekommande mineralen. Många ädelstenar, framför allt de som utgörs av kristallina mineral, har klara färger eller är genomskinliga, eller kan efter polering uppnå en vacker glans eller lyster. Vissa ädelstenar är vanliga, medan andra mer sällsynta. Förutom ädelstenar från mineraler kallar man även vissa material med ursprung från växt- och djurriket som bärnsten och pärlor för ädelsten. Slipade ädelstenar som används i smycken kallas för juveler. Läran om ädelstenar kallas gemmologi. A gemstone (also called a fine gem, jewel, precious stone, or semiprecious stone) is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments. However, certain rocks (such as lapis lazuli, opal, and obsidian) and occasionally organic materials that are not minerals (such as amber, jet, and pearl) are also used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity and notoriety are other characteristics that lend value to gemstones. Apart from jewelry, from earliest antiquity engraved gems and hardstone carvings, such as cups, were major luxury art forms. A gem expert is a gemologist, a gem maker is called a lapidarist or gemcutter; a diamond cutter is called a diamantaire. Drahokam či drahý kámen (z latiny Lapis preciosus, angl. Precious stone) je minerál (nerost), ceněný pro své výjimečné fyzikální a estetické vlastnosti a používaný k ozdobným účelům, k reprezentaci anebo k tezauraci majetku. Clocha nó miotail luachmhara nó leathluachmhara a mbíonn tóir orthu as a dteirce, a n-áilleacht is a mbuaine. De ghnáth roinntear iad agus cuirtear snas orthu mar sheoda. Is ar na clocha crua trédhearcacha diamaint, rúibín, smaragaid is saifír a chuirtear luach thar aon cheann eile. Una gemma, nella mineralogia, indica un insieme di materiali di diversa origine (anche se la grande maggioranza è costituita da minerali), che a causa della loro specifica lucentezza, colore, trasparenza e brillantezza, oltre che per la loro rarità, assumono un elevato valore economico. Edelstenen zijn zeldzame gesteenten, die meestal worden bewerkt en verwerkt in sieraden en sierobjecten. Edelstenen beschikken over de volgende kenmerken: * Schoonheid. Hieronder vallen visuele aspecten zoals kleur, glans, vuur, doorzichtigheid en lichteffecten. * Duurzaamheid. Hierbij wordt gekeken naar hardheid, breekbaarheid/splijtbaarheid en chemische bestendigheid. * Zeldzaamheid. Hierbij wordt gekeken naar hoe vaak een product in de natuur voorkomt. Kamienie szlachetne, kamienie jubilerskie – wartościowe i rzadko spotykane, czyste, jednorodne i przezroczyste odmiany niektórych minerałów i skał. Kamienie te odznaczają się silnym połyskiem, efektownym zabarwieniem (lub są zupełnie bezbarwne), dużą trwałością i twardością powyżej 7 w skali Mohsa. Stosuje się je w jubilerstwie, oprawia w złoto, srebro i inne metale szlachetne. Przykładami kamieni szlachetnych mogą być: * diament (odpowiednio oszlifowany nosi nazwę brylantu) * szmaragd * rubin * szafir * topaz * opal * aleksandryt * akwamaryn * heliodor * morganit * turmaliny * biksbit * beryl * goshenit * cymofan * skapolity * spinel * jadeit * tanzanit Kamienie o nieco mniejszej twardości i trwałości, a w związku z tym o mniejszej wartości jubilerskiej bywają nazywane kamieniami półszlachetnymi. Są to m.in. jaspis, agat, malachit i lapis lazuli. Дорогоці́нне (кошто́вне) камі́ння (англ. gemstones, precious stones; нім. Edelsteine) — природні та штучні (синтетичні) мінерали в сировині, необробленому та обробленому вигляді (виробах). Harribitxia bere tasun bereziengatik oso baliozkoa den minerala da, ebaki eta leuntzean bitxigintzan eta beste apainduratan erabiltzen dena. Hala ere, arroka batzuk (adibidez lapis lazulia) eta gai organiko batzuk (adibidez anbarra) ez dira mineralak, baina bitxigintzan erabiltzen direnez harribitxitzat hartzen dira. Harribitxi gehienak gogorrak dira, eta horregatik dira baliotsuak, nahiz eta mineral batzuk arrazoi estetikoengatik (kolorea, distira...) erabiltzen diren bitxigintzan. Urritasunak ere harribitxia baliotsu bilakatzen du. Schmucksteine, teilweise auch als Edelsteine bezeichnet, sind meist Minerale, Gesteine oder Glasschmelzen, aber auch Stoffe organischer Herkunft wie beispielsweise Bernstein, Pechkohle oder relativ kleine und formschöne Fossilien, die im Allgemeinen als schön empfunden werden und als Schmuck Verwendung finden. Entsprechend der Definition der internationalen Handelsorganisation CIBJO zählen außerdem Perlen, Perlmutt und Korallen zu den Schmucksteinen. Die Lehre von den Edelsteinen und Schmucksteinen wird als Gemmologie bezeichnet. الأحجار الكريمة أو الثمينة أو النفيسة أو التِّبْر هي أنواع مختلفة من المعادن المتبلمرة مركبة من عنصرين أو أكثر، وتتكون أساساً من مادة السليكا مع وجود بعض الشوائب المعدنية، ويختلف نوع الحجر الكريم باختلاف المادة المكونة بالإضافة إلى السليكا، وتتواجد عادة في مناطق الطمي البركاني، كالحصى البركانية، وبخاصة في مناطق جريان . تركيب كل حجر كريم يختلف عن الآخر من حيث الظروف والعناصر المكونة ونوع الشوائب المتداخلة خلال عمليات التركيب الأساسية، فالنظام الشبكي البلوري المكون لمعظم الأحجار الكريمة الرئيسة متشابه فيما بين تلك الأحجار. والذي يميز حجراً عن الآخر هو عناصر التداخل خلال الانبثاق والتكوين البلوري السريع والذي يكرر العادة والنسق والأسلوب للمركز المتنوي عند بداية عملية البلمرة وتتفاوت درجة ألوانها باختلاف درجة الشفافية الناتجة عن عدة عوامل منها نوع المعادن التي تدخل كشوائب على السليكون وبالتالي فإن عدد كبير ومتنوع من الأحجار الكريمة يتكون نتيجة لذلك ويجب الملاحظة أن جميع أنواع الأحجار الكريمة متكونة من عنصرين فأكثر إلا الألماس فهو أحادي التكوين من عنصر واحد هو الكربون. وبعض الأحجار الكريمة تتكون في باطن الأرض على أعماق مختلفة، وقد تتحد مع عناصر أخرى أو تكون في صورة حرة، مثل الياقوت والزمرد والألماس الذي يوجد في بعض الأحيان على عمق 160 متراً تقريباً، ويخرج ضمن الحمم البركانية وناتج الزلازل الأرضية. وأما البعض الآخر فتتكون في المملكة الحيوانية حيث تستخرج من قاع البحر، مثل المرجان واللؤلؤ الذي كان يعد من أجمل وأغلى الأحجار الكريمة في الماضي ولا سيما لؤلؤ الخليج الذي اكتسب سمعة عالمية كبيرة. كما تمنحنا المملكة النباتية الكهرمان الأصفر الجميل. Драгоценные камни — минералы, относимые к самым дорогим материалам. Согласно классификации английского минералога Дж. Ф. Г. Смита драгоценными считаются материалы, в наибольшей степени отвечающие трём основным критериям: «красоте, долговечности и редкости». Таких материалов, в старое время называемых «благородными», в равной степени отвечающих строгим требованиям, сравнительно немного. По прочности и стоимости первое место занимает алмаз, в огранённом виде — бриллиант, далее следуют рубин, сапфир, изумруд. Менее редкие минералы называют полудрагоценными. Una gemma és un mineral, roca o material petrificat que en ser tallat i polit es pot usar en joieria. Unes altres són orgàniques, com l'ambre, resina d'arbre fossilitzada. Les imitacions copien la forma i el color de la pedra però no posseeixen les seues característiques físiques o químiques. No obstant això, les gemmes sintètiques no són necessàriament una imitació. Per exemple el diamant, el robí, el safir i la maragda creades en laboratoris posseeixen les mateixes característiques físiques i químiques que l'article original. Menuts diamants artificials han estat manufacturades massivament per diversos anys, encara que només recentment han estat creats grans diamants de qualitat, especialment els de color. Una gemma és avaluada principalment per la seua bellesa i perfecció. De fet, l'aparença és el més important. La bellesa també ha de ser duradora; si una gemma és danyada d'alguna manera, perd el seu valor instantàniament. Les característiques que fan a una pedra bella són el seu color, un fenomen òptic inusual, una incrustació com amb un fòssil, la seua raresa i, algunes vegades, la forma peculiar del cristall. Tradicionalment les gemmes eren dividides en dues grans grups, les precioses i les semi-precioses. Es consideraven precioses cinc tipus de gemmes: * Diamant * Robí * Safir * Maragda * Ametista (ja no és considerada com preciosa, des que grans quantitats van ser descobertes en Brasil) Actualment totes les pedres són considerades valuoses, encara que les cinc "gemmes cardinals" són considerades usualment, però no sempre, les més costoses. Hi ha aproximadament 130 espècies de minerals; algunes d'elles són: * Àgata * Ametista (antigament considerada com una "gemma cardinal") * Ambre * Aiguamarina i altres varietats del beril * Feldespat, també * Jade * Lapislàtzuli * Malaquita * Òpal * Pirita * Quars i les seues varietats * Topazi * turquesa Les gemmes són descrites i diferenciades pels especialistes per certes especificacions tècniques. Entre elles, de què estan fetes, la seua composició química. Els diamants, per exemple, són de carboni (C). D'altra banda, moltes gemmes i cristalls són classificats per la seua forma. Les gemmes són classificades en diferents grups, espècies i varietats. Per exemple, la maragda és de la varietat verda, aiguamarina (blava) i la morganita (rosat), aquestes varietats són totes de l'espècie del beril. ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 보석 (법률) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 보석(寶石, jewellery 또는 jewelry)은 아름다운 빛깔과 광택이 있어 장식품이 되는 광물 및 가공품을 말한다. 보석을 이용해 만든 장신구를 보석 장신구(jewelry)라고 칭한다. 편의상 생물인 산호나 진주도 포함된다. 최근에는 인공으로 보석을 합성하는 기술이 발달하여 합성보석·인조보석도 시판되고 있다. 보석으로서 갖추어야 할 조건은 빛깔이나 광택이 아름다워야 하며, 물리적 견고성이 있어야 하고, 산출량은 적어야 한다. 이러한 조건을 완전히 갖춘 것을 보석이라 하고, 완전하지 않은 것을 장식석이라고 한다. 宝石(ほうせき)とは、希少性が高く美しい外観を有する固形物のこと。 一般的に、外観が美しく、アクセサリーなどに使用される鉱物を言う。 Batu permata atau batu mulia adalah sebuah mineral, batu yang dibentuk dari hasil proses geologi yang unsurnya terdiri atas satu atau beberapa komponen kimia yang mempunyai harga jual tinggi, dan diminati oleh para kolektor. Batu permata harus melewati tahap pemolesan sebelum dijadikan perhiasan. Di dunia ini tidak semua tempat menghasilkan batu permata. Sebuah batu disebut permata apabila memenuhi beberapa syarat. Antara lain memiliki ketahanan, keindahan, dan kelangkaan. Di Indonesia ada banyak daerah yang menghasilkan ragam batu permata populer. Ragam jenis batu permata populer yang berasal dari daerah-daerah Indonesia antara lain di provinsi Aceh dan Padang yang terkenal dengan jenis batu Banten ada batu Kalimaya, di Lampung dengan batu jenis-jenis anggur yang menawan dan jenis cempaka, di Pulau Kalimantan dengan Kecubungnya (amethys), dan Intan (berlian). Batu permata mempunyai nama dari mulai huruf a sampai huruf z yang diklasifikasikan menurut kekerasannya yang dikenal dengan Skala Mohs dari 1 sampai 10. Permata yang paling diminati di dunia adalah yang berkristal yang selain jenis batu mulia seperti Berlian, Zamrud, Ruby dan Safir, batu-batu akik jenis anggur seperti Biru Langit, bungur atau kecubung yang berasal dari saat ini banyak di buru oleh para kolektor karena kualitas kristalnya. 寶石是被切割、打磨、抛光的礦物、石料、物體,為收集品、收藏品或穿著裝飾之用。而作为宝石的矿物,一般颜色鲜艳柔和,光泽和花纹美观,结构均匀,折光率强,硬度较大,化学成分稳定。 人类从自古以来就将宝石加工作为饰物。寶石最重要的珍貴之處是其完美的外表,所以被擦傷後可能會喪失其價值。 也有些脆弱或軟的寶石只能收集,不能穿戴,像許多博物館徵求的菱錳礦。
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