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イギリス文学 Literatura británica 英國文學 Literatura do Reino Unido Британская литература British literature Britse literatuur Британська література 영국 문학 Littérature britannique Britainiar literatura Literatura britànica Englische Literatur الأدب البريطاني

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영국 문학(英國文學, British literature)은 영국과 맨섬, 채널 제도의 문학을 말한다. 대부분 영어로 씌여진 작품이나, 웨일스어, 스코틀랜드 게일어, 스코트어, 콘월어, 저지어, 건지어 등으로 된 작품도 많다. 아일랜드섬 북쪽의 북아일랜드는 영국 일부로, 영어를 비롯한 얼스터 스코트어와 아일랜드어로 된 작품이 있다. 광의로, 영어로 된 미국 문학을 포함하여 또는 영문학(English literature)이라고 할 수 있다. 이 경우 영어로 각 지역의 문학을 포함할 수 있다. Britse literatuur verwijst naar literatuur die in verband gebracht wordt met het Verenigd Koninkrijk, het eiland Man en de Kanaaleilanden, alsook met literatuur uit Engeland, Wales en Schotland voorafgaand aan de vorming van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. الأدب البريطاني هو نوع من أنواع الأدب الإنجليزي وهو أدب المملكة المتحدة وأيرلندا الشمالية وجزيرة مان وجزر القنال، يغطي هذا المقال الأدب البريطاني وكذلك الأدب الأنجلوساكسوني (اللغة الإنجليزية القديمة)، وكذلك الأدب اللاتيني والأنجلو نورمان، حيث يرتبط الأدب في هذه اللغات بالتطور المبكر للغة الإنجليزية وآدابها. 英國文學或不列顛文學（英語：British literature）是指英國的文學作品。歷史上，英國在不同時期包括了英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士、北愛爾蘭、曼島和海峡群岛等地，所以英國文學除英語作品之外，也涵蓋了多種語言的文學。而English literature這個概念雖有“英格蘭文學”的意思，但通常是指英語文學，包括了歷史上來自愛爾蘭、印度、澳大利亞等地使用英語寫作的作家創作的作品。英國文學和英語文學之間重疊的部分很多，但彼此並不相同；蘇格蘭文學、威爾士文學也一般算作獨立的重要學科。通常提到英國文學時，大部分人首先想到的是英格蘭的英語文學。一般认为，莎士比亚的戏剧是英国文学中最优秀的作品，也是最经常被引用的作品。 Als englische Literatur bezeichnet man im Allgemeinen nicht nur die Literatur Englands, sondern die gesamte literarische Produktion Großbritanniens (historisch einschließlich Irlands) in englischer Sprache; die Bezeichnung „britische Literatur“ ist recht ungebräuchlich. イギリス文学（イギリスぶんがく、もしくは英文学、英語: British literature／English literature）とは、イギリスの文学、及びそれらの作品や作家を研究する学問のこと。アメリカ文学と合わせて英米文学と呼ぶこともある。なお、英文学 English literature と言った場合、英語による各地域の文学を含むことがある。 ポストコロニアル理論の発展と共に、いわゆる英文学の領域も広がりつつあり、Englishes と複数形で語ることにより、20世紀前半までの帝国主義的な英文学の枠組みをこわそう、という動きも現在では見られる。 Eng. Lit と省略されることも多く、その際にはしばしば、大学内での学科としての英文学を指し、アメリカ文学を含めることが多い。 A literatura britânica refere-se à literatura associada com Reino Unido, Ilha de Man e Ilhas do Canal. A maior parte da literatura britânica está escrita em inglês. Em 2005, cerca de 206 mil livros foram publicados no país e em 2006 a nação foi a maior editora de livros do mundo. Британська література — це література Англії, Шотландії, Уельсу, Північної Ірландії, а також острова Мен і Нормандських островів. La literatura británica comprende el conjunto de obras escritas producidas por habitantes de las Islas Británicas con el Reino Unido, la Isla de Man y las Islas del Canal, así como a la de Inglaterra, Gales y Escocia, previa a la formación del Reino Unido. En su mayoría la literatura británica está escrita en idioma inglés, pero hay también trabajos escritos en latín, galés, gaélico escocés, scots y otros idiomas.​ Por otra parte, las pasadas actividades imperiales de Gran Bretaña en todo el mundo continuaron inspirando literatura, en algunos casos melancólica, en otros casos hostil. La literatura britànica s'entén com la literatura del Regne Unit, amb Gran Bretanya i Irlanda del Nord, l'illa de Man i les illes del Canal de la Manxa. Els seus continguts incorporen aquells textos produïts en l'àrea cultural de les Illes Britàniques en llengua anglesa. També inclou la literatura anglosaxona (anglès antic). En principi entenem dins aquest concepte el cultiu literari dels autors britànics que van escriure en llatí: literatura anglo-llatina i en anglo-normand, on la literatura en aquestes llengües es relaciona amb el desenvolupament inicial de la llengua i la literatura angleses. És qüestionable la incorporació o no de figures importants que van escriure en escocès, però la discussió principal es troba en les diverses obres de literatura escocesa. Britainiar literatura Britainia Handiko eta Ipar Irlandako Erresuma Batuko, Man Uharteko eta Kanalen Uharteetako literatura da. Artikulu honek ingelesezko literatura britainiarra biltzen du. Literatura anglosaxoia (ingeles zaharra) sartzen da, eta latinezko literatura zein anglo-normandarrari buruz eztabaidatzen da, non hizkuntza horietako literatura ingelesaren eta literaturaren garapen goiztiarrarekin erlazionatzen den. Eskoziarrez idatzi zuten pertsonaia handien inguruko eztabaida labur bat ere badago, baina eztabaida nagusia eskoziar literaturako hainbat artikulutan dago. Брита́нская литерату́ра — это литература Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии, а также острова Мэн и Нормандских островов. La littérature britannique désigne la littérature du Royaume-Uni, de l'île de Man et des Îles Anglo-Normandes. Elle comprend la littérature anglaise, d'Irlande du Nord, écossaise et galloise. Par extension on peut aussi y inclure la littérature produite dans l'ensemble des îles Britanniques, c'est-à-dire également la littérature irlandaise, bien que cette question puisse prêter à controverse. En effet les écrivains irlandais ont joué un rôle important dans le développement de la littérature en Angleterre et en Écosse, et l'Irlande a été associée à la Grande-Bretagne au sein d'une même entité politique, le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande pendant la totalité du XIXe siècle et jusqu'à la fin de 1922, correspondant à une période de productivité littéraire intense. British literature is literature from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands. This article covers British literature in the English language. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) literature is included, and there is some discussion of Latin and Anglo-Norman literature, where literature in these languages relate to the early development of the English language and literature. There is also some brief discussion of major figures who wrote in Scots, but the main discussion is in the various Scottish literature articles.

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Британська література — це література Англії, Шотландії, Уельсу, Північної Ірландії, а також острова Мен і Нормандських островів. La literatura britànica s'entén com la literatura del Regne Unit, amb Gran Bretanya i Irlanda del Nord, l'illa de Man i les illes del Canal de la Manxa. Els seus continguts incorporen aquells textos produïts en l'àrea cultural de les Illes Britàniques en llengua anglesa. També inclou la literatura anglosaxona (anglès antic). En principi entenem dins aquest concepte el cultiu literari dels autors britànics que van escriure en llatí: literatura anglo-llatina i en anglo-normand, on la literatura en aquestes llengües es relaciona amb el desenvolupament inicial de la llengua i la literatura angleses. És qüestionable la incorporació o no de figures importants que van escriure en escocès, però la discussió principal es troba en les diverses obres de literatura escocesa. L'article Literatura en altres llengües del Regne Unit se centra en les literatures escrites en les altres llengües que s'utilitzen i s'han utilitzat a la Gran Bretanya. També hi ha articles en aquestes diverses literatures: la literatura llatina a Gran Bretanya, , Còrnica, Guernesieiesa, , Anglo-llatina, Manx, Gaèlica escocesa, Gal·lesa, etc. Els escriptors irlandesos han tingut un paper important en el desenvolupament de la literatura a Anglaterra i Escòcia, però tot i que Irlanda va formar part políticament del Regne Unit entre gener de 1801 i desembre de 1922, és controvertit descriure la literatura irlandesa com a britànica. Per a alguns, les obres d'autors d' cal incloure-les dins el grup de literatura britànica. Britse literatuur verwijst naar literatuur die in verband gebracht wordt met het Verenigd Koninkrijk, het eiland Man en de Kanaaleilanden, alsook met literatuur uit Engeland, Wales en Schotland voorafgaand aan de vorming van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Verreweg het grootste deel van de Britse literatuur is geschreven in het Engels, maar er bestaat ook een omvangrijk corpus van werken geschreven in het Latijn, Welsh, , Schots, Cornisch, Manx, Jèrriais, Dgèrnésiais en andere talen. Noord-Ierland maakt deel uit van een literaire traditie in het Engels, en Ulster in het Schots en Iers. Daarbij kan opgemerkt worden dat Ierse schrijvers ook een belangrijke rol hebben gespeeld in de ontwikkeling van Engelstalige literatuur. De literatuur in de Keltische talen van de eilanden vormt de oudste overgeleverde literatuur in een volkstaal in Europa. Zo strekt de De Welshe literaire traditie zich uit van de 6e eeuw tot de 21e eeuw. De oudste Welshe literatuur behoort echter niet tot het grondgebied dat wij vandaag de dag als 'Wales' kennen, maar eerder tot het noorden van Engeland en het zuiden van Schotland. Maar ook al dateert het uit de 6e, 7e en 8e eeuw, het overleeft slechts in 13e- en 14e-eeuwse kopieën van manuscripten. A literatura britânica refere-se à literatura associada com Reino Unido, Ilha de Man e Ilhas do Canal. A maior parte da literatura britânica está escrita em inglês. Em 2005, cerca de 206 mil livros foram publicados no país e em 2006 a nação foi a maior editora de livros do mundo. O dramaturgo e poeta inglês William Shakespeare é amplamente considerado como o maior dramaturgo de todos os tempos, e seus contemporâneos Christopher Marlowe e Ben Jonson também foram tidos em alta estima contínua. Mais recentemente, os dramaturgos , Harold Pinter, Michael Frayn, Tom Stoppard e David Edgar combinaram elementos do surrealismo, realismo e radicalismo. Notáveis ​​escritores ingleses pré-modernos e modernos incluem Geoffrey Chaucer (século XIV), Thomas Malory (século XV), Sir Thomas More (século XVI), John Bunyan (século XVII) e John Milton (século XVII). No século XVIII, Daniel Defoe (autor de Robinson Crusoé) e Samuel Richardson foram os pioneiros do romance moderno. No século XIX, seguiu-se outra inovação por Jane Austen, a escritora gótica Mary Shelley, o escritor infantil Lewis Carroll, as irmãs Brontë, o ativista social Charles Dickens, o naturalista Thomas Hardy, o realista George Eliot, o poeta visionário William Blake e o poeta romântico William Wordsworth. Escritores ingleses do século XX incluem o romancista de ficção científica H. G. Wells; os escritores clássicos infantis Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne (o criador de Ursinho Pooh), Roald Dahl e Enid Blyton; o controverso D. H. Lawrence, a modernista Virginia Woolf;o satirista Evelyn Waugh; o romancista profético George Orwell; os romancistas populares W. Somerset Maugham e Graham Greene; a escritora de policiais Agatha Christie (a romancista best-seller de todos os tempos); Ian Fleming (o criador de James Bond); os poetas T. S. Eliot, Philip Larkin e Ted Hughes; os escritos de fantasia de J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis e J. K. Rowling; o romancista gráfico Alan Moore, cujo romance Watchmen é frequentemente citado pelos críticos como a melhor e mais bem vendida romance gráfico já publicada. A literatura escocesa inclui o escritor Arthur Conan Doyle (criador de Sherlock Holmes), a literatura romântica de Sir Walter Scott, o escritor infantil J. M. Barrie, as aventuras épicas de Robert Louis Stevenson e o célebre poeta Robert Burns. Mais recentemente, o modernista e nacionalista e contribuíram para a "renascença literária escocesa". A perspectiva mais sombria é encontrada em histórias de Ian Rankin e no horror psicológico horror/comédia de Iain Banks. A capital da Escócia, Edimburgo, foi a primeira cidade Cidade da Literatura da UNESCO. O mais antigo poema britânico conhecido, Y Gododdin, foi composto em Hen Ogledd (O Antigo Norte), muito provavelmente no final do século VI. Ele foi escrito em ou galês antigo e contém a mais antiga referência conhecida ao Rei Arthur. Por volta do século VII, a conexão entre o País de Gales e o Antigo Norte foi perdida e o foco da cultura em língua galesa deslocou-se para Gales, onde a lenda arturiana foi desenvolvida por Geoffrey de Monmouth. O poeta do galês medieval mais célebre, (1320 -1370), fazia poesia baseado em temas como natureza, religião e, principalmente, o amor. Ele é amplamente considerado como um dos maiores poetas europeus de sua época. Até o final do século XIX, a maioria da literatura galesa foi escrita em galês e muito da prosa era de caráter religioso. é creditado como o primeiro escritor de língua galesa e publicou em 1885. Ambos dos mais conhecidos dos poetas anglo-galeses chamam-se Thomas. Dylan Thomas tornou-se famoso em ambos os lados do Atlântico em meados do século XX. Ele é lembrado por sua poesia e é um dos mais citados dísticos de versos no idioma inglês. R. S. Thomas, um influente nacionalista galês e "poeta-padre" da igreja no País de Gales, foi indicado ao Prêmio Nobel de Literatura em 1996. Os principais romancistas galeses do século XX incluem Richard Llewellyn e Kate Roberts. Autores de outras nacionalidades, principalmente de países da Commonwealth, como a República da Irlanda e os Estados Unidos, viveram e trabalharam no Reino Unido. Entre os exemplos significativos através dos séculos estão Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, George Bernard Shaw, Joseph Conrad, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound e, mais recentemente, autores britânicos nascidos no estrangeiro, como Kazuo Ishiguro e Sir Salman Rushdie. 영국 문학(英國文學, British literature)은 영국과 맨섬, 채널 제도의 문학을 말한다. 대부분 영어로 씌여진 작품이나, 웨일스어, 스코틀랜드 게일어, 스코트어, 콘월어, 저지어, 건지어 등으로 된 작품도 많다. 아일랜드섬 북쪽의 북아일랜드는 영국 일부로, 영어를 비롯한 얼스터 스코트어와 아일랜드어로 된 작품이 있다. 광의로, 영어로 된 미국 문학을 포함하여 또는 영문학(English literature)이라고 할 수 있다. 이 경우 영어로 각 지역의 문학을 포함할 수 있다. Britainiar literatura Britainia Handiko eta Ipar Irlandako Erresuma Batuko, Man Uharteko eta Kanalen Uharteetako literatura da. Artikulu honek ingelesezko literatura britainiarra biltzen du. Literatura anglosaxoia (ingeles zaharra) sartzen da, eta latinezko literatura zein anglo-normandarrari buruz eztabaidatzen da, non hizkuntza horietako literatura ingelesaren eta literaturaren garapen goiztiarrarekin erlazionatzen den. Eskoziarrez idatzi zuten pertsonaia handien inguruko eztabaida labur bat ere badago, baina eztabaida nagusia eskoziar literaturako hainbat artikulutan dago. Britainiako beste hizkuntzetako literatura artikuluak Britainia Handian erabiltzen diren eta erabili izan diren hizkuntzetan idatzitako literaturetan zentratzen da. Literatura ezberdin horiei buruzko artikuluak ere badaude: Britainia Handiko literatura latina, anglo-normandarra, kornubiera, guernesia, jèrriais, latina, manx, eskoziako gaelera, galesera, etab. Irlandako idazleek garrantzi handia izan dute literaturaren garapenean Ingalaterran eta Eskozian, baina Irlanda osoa 1801eko urtarrila eta 1922ko abendua bitartean politikoki Erresuma Batuaren parte izan bazen ere, eztabaidagarria izan daiteke Irlandako literatura britainiarra bezala deskribatzea. Batzuentzat ordea, Ipar Irlandako egileen lanak ere sartzen dira. イギリス文学（イギリスぶんがく、もしくは英文学、英語: British literature／English literature）とは、イギリスの文学、及びそれらの作品や作家を研究する学問のこと。アメリカ文学と合わせて英米文学と呼ぶこともある。なお、英文学 English literature と言った場合、英語による各地域の文学を含むことがある。 ポストコロニアル理論の発展と共に、いわゆる英文学の領域も広がりつつあり、Englishes と複数形で語ることにより、20世紀前半までの帝国主義的な英文学の枠組みをこわそう、という動きも現在では見られる。 Eng. Lit と省略されることも多く、その際にはしばしば、大学内での学科としての英文学を指し、アメリカ文学を含めることが多い。 الأدب البريطاني هو نوع من أنواع الأدب الإنجليزي وهو أدب المملكة المتحدة وأيرلندا الشمالية وجزيرة مان وجزر القنال، يغطي هذا المقال الأدب البريطاني وكذلك الأدب الأنجلوساكسوني (اللغة الإنجليزية القديمة)، وكذلك الأدب اللاتيني والأنجلو نورمان، حيث يرتبط الأدب في هذه اللغات بالتطور المبكر للغة الإنجليزية وآدابها. لعب الكتاب الأيرلنديون دورًا مهمًا في تطوير الأدب في إنجلترا واسكتلندا، ولكن على الرغم من أن أيرلندا بأكملها كانت جزءًا سياسيًا من المملكة المتحدة بين يناير 1801 وديسمبر 1922، فقد يكون من المثير للجدل وصف الأدب الأيرلندي بأنه بريطاني بالنسبة للبعض، يشمل هذا أعمال مؤلفين من أيرلندا الشمالية أيضًا. British literature is literature from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands. This article covers British literature in the English language. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) literature is included, and there is some discussion of Latin and Anglo-Norman literature, where literature in these languages relate to the early development of the English language and literature. There is also some brief discussion of major figures who wrote in Scots, but the main discussion is in the various Scottish literature articles. The article Literature in the other languages of Britain focuses on the literatures written in the other languages that are, and have been, used in Britain. There are also articles on these various literatures: Latin literature in Britain, Anglo-Norman, Cornish, Guernésiais, Jèrriais, Latin, Manx, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, etc. Irish writers have played an important part in the development of literature in England and Scotland, but though the whole of Ireland was politically part of the United Kingdom between January 1801 and December 1922, it can be controversial to describe Irish literature as British. For some this includes works by authors from Northern Ireland. La littérature britannique désigne la littérature du Royaume-Uni, de l'île de Man et des Îles Anglo-Normandes. Elle comprend la littérature anglaise, d'Irlande du Nord, écossaise et galloise. Par extension on peut aussi y inclure la littérature produite dans l'ensemble des îles Britanniques, c'est-à-dire également la littérature irlandaise, bien que cette question puisse prêter à controverse. En effet les écrivains irlandais ont joué un rôle important dans le développement de la littérature en Angleterre et en Écosse, et l'Irlande a été associée à la Grande-Bretagne au sein d'une même entité politique, le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande pendant la totalité du XIXe siècle et jusqu'à la fin de 1922, correspondant à une période de productivité littéraire intense. Une vaste majorité de la littérature britannique a été écrite en langue anglaise, cette dernière tendant à s'étendre géographiquement en raison de son utilisation dans les anciennes colonies britanniques. En outre, l'histoire de la littérature britannique inclut des écrits rédigés en diverses autres langues, telles que l'anglo-normand, l'anglo-saxon (ou vieil anglais), le cornique, le guernesiais, le jersiais, le latin, le mannois, le scots, l'écossais, le gaélique, le gallois parmi d'autres. La littérature d'Irlande du Nord comprend des écrits en anglais, irlandais et scots de l'Ulster. La littérature de langue celtique est la plus ancienne littérature en langue vernaculaire persistant en Europe. Als englische Literatur bezeichnet man im Allgemeinen nicht nur die Literatur Englands, sondern die gesamte literarische Produktion Großbritanniens (historisch einschließlich Irlands) in englischer Sprache; die Bezeichnung „britische Literatur“ ist recht ungebräuchlich. Mit den englischsprachigen Literaturen anderer Länder, etwa einstiger britischer Kolonien wie Australien oder Kanada, ergeben sich vielfach Überschneidungen, doch wird insbesondere die amerikanische Literatur seit dem 19. Jahrhundert als von der englischen verschiedene Nationalliteratur begriffen. Die englische Literatur ist Forschungsgegenstand der Anglistik. La literatura británica comprende el conjunto de obras escritas producidas por habitantes de las Islas Británicas con el Reino Unido, la Isla de Man y las Islas del Canal, así como a la de Inglaterra, Gales y Escocia, previa a la formación del Reino Unido. En su mayoría la literatura británica está escrita en idioma inglés, pero hay también trabajos escritos en latín, galés, gaélico escocés, scots y otros idiomas.​ La literatura inglesa antigua estuvo fermentada por escritos latinos y anglo-normandos, de origen extranjero. De esta combinación surgió un instrumento lingüístico flexible y sutil explotado por Geoffrey Chaucer y habilmente utilizado por William Shakespeare. Durante el Renacimiento, el renovado interés por el aprendizaje y los valores clásicos tuvo un efecto importante en la literatura británica, como en todas las artes; y las ideas de la propiedad literaria de Augusto en el siglo XVIII y la reverencia en el siglo XIX por una antigüedad clásica menos específica, aunque aún vista de manera selectiva, continuaron dando forma a la literatura. Estos tres impulsos derivaron de una fuente extranjera, a saber, la cuenca del Mediterráneo. Los Decadentes de finales del siglo XIX y los modernistas de principios del XX buscaron inspiración en los movimientos e individuos de la Europa continental.​ Por otra parte, las pasadas actividades imperiales de Gran Bretaña en todo el mundo continuaron inspirando literatura, en algunos casos melancólica, en otros casos hostil. La literatura británica constituye un elemento separado de la tradición europea continental. Se destaca en todos los géneros convencionales: en Shakespeare tiene un dramaturgo de renombre mundial;​ en poesía, un género único y difícil de comparar con la poesía de otras literaturas; por otra parte el humor de la literatura británica es idiosincratico y es tan difícil de transmitir a los extranjeros como la poesía.​ Es notable el volumen de escritos de viajes de la literatura británica; y posee destacadas obras en el ámbito de la autobiografía, biografía y escritura histórica. La literatura infantil, la fantasía y los ensayos son campos de logros excepcionales en lo que respecta a la literatura británica. En cuanto a los escritos filosóficos, que popularmente se consideran difíciles de combinar con el valor literario, pensadores como Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, John Stuart Mill y Bertrand Russell son comparables a la lucidez y la gracia con lo mejor de los filósofos franceses y de la ciencia. maestros de la antigüedad clásica.​ Брита́нская литерату́ра — это литература Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии, а также острова Мэн и Нормандских островов. 英國文學或不列顛文學（英語：British literature）是指英國的文學作品。歷史上，英國在不同時期包括了英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士、北愛爾蘭、曼島和海峡群岛等地，所以英國文學除英語作品之外，也涵蓋了多種語言的文學。而English literature這個概念雖有“英格蘭文學”的意思，但通常是指英語文學，包括了歷史上來自愛爾蘭、印度、澳大利亞等地使用英語寫作的作家創作的作品。英國文學和英語文學之間重疊的部分很多，但彼此並不相同；蘇格蘭文學、威爾士文學也一般算作獨立的重要學科。通常提到英國文學時，大部分人首先想到的是英格蘭的英語文學。一般认为，莎士比亚的戏剧是英国文学中最优秀的作品，也是最经常被引用的作品。

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George Orwell and Aldous Huxley .

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