About: Low Incidence and Mortality from SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Europe. Proposal of a hypothesis for Arthropod borne Herd immunity

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About: Low Incidence and Mortality from SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Europe. Proposal of a hypothesis for Arthropod borne Herd immunity Goto Sponge NotDistinct Permalink

An Entity of Type : schema:ScholarlyArticle, within Data Space : covidontheweb.inria.fr associated with source document(s)

Attributes	Values
type	Academic Article research paper schema:ScholarlyArticle
isDefinedBy	Covid-on-the-Web dataset
has title	Low Incidence and Mortality from SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Europe. Proposal of a hypothesis for Arthropod borne Herd immunity
Creator	Balzan, Martin
Source	Elsevier; Medline; PMC
abstract	SARS-CoV-2 incidence and mortality in Europe have shown wide variation. Northern Italy in particular the Lombardy region, north-eastern French regions, Switzerland and Belgium were amongst the hardest hit, while the central and southern Italian regions, all the Balkan countries from Slovenia to Greece and the Islands of Malta and Cyprus had much fewer cases and deaths per capita, and deaths per number of cases. Differences in public health measures, and health care delivery, in the author’s opinion, can only partly explain the difference. The geographical distribution of Phlebotomus sand-flies and the relative distribution of arthropod borne diseases Leishmaniasis and Phlebovirus infections especially the Sicilian Sandfly fever group corresponds to most areas of low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2. A hypothesis is proposed whereby repeated arthropod or sandfly vector infection of humans by novel viruses of zoonotic origins carrying bat or mammalian RNA/DNA possibly since many generations, such as phleboviruses may have resulted in the development of an effective evolutionary immune response to most novel zoonotic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 by means of survival of the fittest. This process probably ran in parallel and concurrent with the progressive evolution of novel coronaviruses which spread from one mammalian species to another. Other possible, but less likely mechanisms for the role of sandfly meals within a much shorter time frame may have led to , (i) previous exposure and infection of humans with the SARS-Cov-2 virus itself , or a closely related corona virus in the previous decades, or (ii) exposure of human populations to parts coronavirus protein namely either S or more likely N protein carried mechanically by arthropods, but without clinical disease causing direct immunity or (iii) by causing infection with other arthropod borne viruses which could carry bat DNA/RNA and have similar functional proteins resulting in an immediate cross-reactive immune response rather than by natural selection . The Evidence possibly supporting or disputing this hypothesis is reviewed, however the major problem with the hypothesis is that to date no coronavirus has ever been isolated from arthropods. Such a hypothesis can only be supported by research investigating the possible biological relationship of arthropods and coronaviruses where paradoxically they may be promoting immunity rather than disease.
has issue date	2020-07-22(xsd:dateTime)
bibo:doi	10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110121
bibo:pmid	32759006
has license	no-cc
sha1sum (hex)	2ff977a56f96c462ad5681e8117ad67e3970b3c7
schema:url	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110121
resource representing a document's title	Low Incidence and Mortality from SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Europe. Proposal of a hypothesis for Arthropod borne Herd immunity
has PubMed Central identifier	PMC7375308
has PubMed identifier	32759006
schema:publication	Med Hypotheses
resource representing a document's body	covid:2ff977a56f96c462ad5681e8117ad67e3970b3c7#body_text
is schema:about of	named entity 'Northern Italy' named entity 'distribution' named entity 'variation' named entity 'immunity' named entity 'prevalence' named entity 'repeated' named entity 'Arthropod' named entity 'SLOVENIA' named entity 'SPREAD' named entity 'BELGIUM' named entity 'GREECE' named entity 'NORTHERN' named entity 'HOSTS' named entity 'CORONAVIRUS' named entity 'CARRYING' named entity 'DIRECT' named entity '28I' named entity 'PUBLIC HEALTH' named entity 'HYPOTHESIS' named entity 'PROCESS' named entity 'NORTH' named entity 'SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST' named entity 'RESERVOIR' named entity 'SARS-COV-2' named entity 'VARIATION' named entity 'RESPONSE TO' named entity 'IMMEDIATE' named entity 'ALPHAVIRUSES' named entity 'MEASURES' named entity 'CASES' named entity 'NOVEL' named entity 'REPEATED' named entity 'natural selection' named entity 'corona virus' named entity 'arthropod' named entity 'shorter' named entity 'DNA' named entity 'carry' named entity 'This' named entity 'DNA' named entity 'viruses' named entity 'humans' named entity 'zoonotic' named entity 'health care delivery' named entity 'protein' named entity 'sandfly' named entity 'Lombardy' named entity 'mammalian species' named entity 'evolution' named entity 'SARS-CoV-2' named entity 'human populations' named entity 'virus' named entity 'vector' named entity 'Cyprus' named entity 'bat' named entity 'coronavirus' named entity 'clinical disease' named entity 'Leishmaniasis' named entity 'infection' named entity 'arthropod borne diseases' named entity 'Southern Europe' named entity 'SARS-CoV-2' named entity 'clear' named entity 'viruses' named entity 'serological' named entity 'DNA and RNA' named entity 'Europe' named entity 'SARS-CoV-2' named entity 'arthropod-borne' named entity 'arthropod' named entity 'tracking and tracing' named entity 'natural selection' named entity 'human coronaviruses' named entity 'Italian' named entity 'SARS-CoV-2' named entity 'SARS-CoV-2' named entity 'Sicily' named entity 'vector' named entity 'epidemiological data' named entity 'Greece' named entity 'antibody response'

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