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| - Drug-induced delayed multi-organ hypersensitivity syndrome (DIDMOHS), also known as drug reaction (or rash) with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), or drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) is a rare, potentially fatal, drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction characterized by cutaneous eruption, fever, lymphadenopathy, hematologic abnormalities, and visceral manifestations. Anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and phenobarbital as well as allopurinol and sulfonamides, are the most common causes of DIDMOHS. Impaired drug detoxification and herpes virus reactivation play a key role in DIDMOHS pathogenesis. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes also contribute. Early cutaneous findings generally include a morbilliform eruption characterized by diffuse, erythematous, pruritic macules across the face, upper trunk, and upper extremities with later extension to the lower extremities. Rapid confluence and progression are characteristic. DIDMOHS frequently involves the lymphatic, hematologic, and hepatic systems. Renal, pulmonary, and cardiac dysfunction may also ensue. Early recognition and diagnosis with prompt withdrawal of the culprit drug is paramount. Corticosteroid therapy is widely accepted as the cornerstone of DIDMOHS management. Moving forward, haplotyping and assays such as the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) will aid in the primary prevention and diagnosis of DIDMOHS. Novel steroid-sparing immunomodulatory agents also have significant therapeutic potential.
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