About: The innate antiviral immune system of the cat: Molecular tools for the measurement of its state of activation

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An Entity of Type : schema:ScholarlyArticle, within Data Space : covidontheweb.inria.fr associated with source document(s)

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type	Academic Article research paper schema:ScholarlyArticle
isDefinedBy	Covid-on-the-Web dataset
title	The innate antiviral immune system of the cat: Molecular tools for the measurement of its state of activation
Creator	Lutz, Hans Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina Riond, Barbara Meli, Marina Cattori, Valentino Robert-Tissot, Céline Wittig, Burghardt Juhls, Christiane Vögtlin, Andrea Rüegger, Vera Gomes-Keller, Maria
source	Elsevier; Medline; PMC
abstract	The innate immune system plays a central role in host defence against viruses. While many studies portray mechanisms in early antiviral immune responses of humans and mice, much remains to be discovered about these mechanisms in the cat. With the objective of shedding light on early host–virus interactions in felids, we have developed 12 real-time TaqMan(®) qPCR systems for feline genes relevant to innate responses to viral infection, including those encoding for various IFNα and IFNω subtypes, IFNβ, intracellular antiviral factor Mx, NK cell stimulator IL-15 and effectors perforin and granzyme B, as well as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3 and 8. Using these newly developed assays and others previously described, we measured the relative expression of selected markers at early time points after viral infection in vitro and in vivo. Feline embryonic fibroblasts (FEA) inoculated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) indicated peak levels of IFNα, IFNβ and Mx expression already 6 h after infection. In contrast, Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CrFK) cells inoculated with feline herpes virus (FHV) responded to infection with high levels of IFNα and IFNβ only after 24 h, and no induction of Mx could be detected. In feline PBMCs challenged in vitro with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), maximal expression levels of IFNα, β and ω subtype genes as well as IL-15 and TLRs 3, 7 and 8 were measured between 12 and 24 h after infection, whereas expression levels of proinflammatory cytokine gene IL-6 were consistently downregulated until 48 h post inoculation. A marginal upregulation of granzyme B was also observed within 3 h after infection. In an in vivo experiment, cats challenged with FIV exhibited a 2.4-fold increase in IFNα expression in blood 1 week post infection. We furthermore demonstrate the possibility of stimulating feline immune cells in vitro with various immune response modifiers (IRMs) already known for their immunostimulatory properties in mice and humans, namely Poly IC, Resiquimod (R-848) and dSLIM™, a synthetic oligonucleotide containing several unmethylated CpG motifs. Stimulation of feline PBMCs with dSLIM™ and R-848 effectively enhanced expression of IFNα within 12 h by factors of 6 and 12, respectively, and Poly IC induced an increase in Mx mRNA expression of 28-fold. Altogether, we describe new molecular tools and their successful use for the characterization of innate immune responses against viruses in the cat and provide evidence that feline cells can be stimulated by synthetic molecules to enhance their antiviral defence mechanisms.
has issue date	2011-10-15(xsd:dateTime)
bibo:doi	10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.005
bibo:pmid	21719112
has license	no-cc
sha1sum (hex)	aab6c0aff00b4f09700c7ddad734cb3994e2970a
schema:url	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.005
resource representing a document's title	The innate antiviral immune system of the cat: Molecular tools for the measurement of its state of activation
has PubMed Central identifier	PMC7112645
has PubMed identifier	21719112
schema:publication	Vet Immunol Immunopathol
resource representing a document's body	covid:aab6c0aff00b4f09700c7ddad734cb3994e2970a#body_text
is schema:about of	named entity 'CAT' named entity 'infection' named entity 'inoculation' named entity 'feline' named entity 'host' named entity 'enhanced expression' named entity 'intracellular' named entity 'antiviral' named entity 'innate immune responses' named entity 'mechanisms' named entity 'detected' named entity 'developed' named entity 'expression' named entity 'shedding' named entity 'immune response' named entity 'stimulating' named entity 'IL-6' named entity 'VIRUS' named entity 'LEVELS' named entity 'MOTIFS' named entity 'IN VIVO EXPERIMENT' named entity 'THESE' named entity 'PERFORIN' named entity 'NEWLY' named entity 'HIGH' named entity 'IL-15' named entity 'TAQMAN' named entity 'SELECTED' named entity 'OBSERVED' named entity 'CENTRAL' named entity 'KNOWN' named entity 'INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM' named entity 'OBJECTIVE' named entity 'MAXIMAL' named entity 'ANTIVIRAL' named entity 'MARKERS' named entity 'EARLY' named entity 'MECHANISMS' named entity 'SYSTEMS' named entity 'NEW' named entity 'INTRACELLULAR' named entity 'HOST' named entity 'PBMCS' named entity 'ROLE' named entity 'FOLD INCREASE' named entity 'REAL-TIME' named entity 'HERPES VIRUS' named entity 'IFN' named entity '3 H' named entity 'CYTOKINE GENE' named entity 'MARGINAL' named entity 'ITS' named entity 'RELEVANT' named entity 'STIMULATED' named entity 'POLY IC' named entity 'PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE' named entity 'STUDIES' named entity 'TIME' named entity 'INFECTION' named entity '2.4' named entity '1 WEEK' named entity 'VIRUSES' named entity 'ENCODING' named entity 'UPREGULATION' named entity 'LIGHT' named entity 'TOOLS' named entity 'CONTAINING' named entity 'QPCR' named entity 'INCREASE' named entity 'DESCRIBED' named entity '90%'

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